Presidents Under Fire Essays - Grand Croix Of The Lgion Dhonneur

Niemann: Picks Disease Essay -- Medicine Medical Genetics Papers

Niemann: Pick's Disease Niemann Pick sickness comprises of a gathering of hereditary issue wherein the normal element is a shifting level of sphingomyelin stockpiling in specific tissues of the body. As indicated by the present characterization dependent on the enzymatic imperfection basic these scatters, two fundamental gatherings are recognized. The principal gathering, which contains type A, which is portrayed by a serious inadequacy in corrosive sphingomyelinase action, incorporates childish neuronopathic structure; and type B, a grown-up incessant structure without neurologic side effects. In the second heterogeneous gathering called type C, neuro-instinctive inclusion is monstrous and lipid digestion is influenced. The sphingomyelin that gathers in the lysosomes of the Niemann-Pick ailment cells is thought to emerge from the debasement of cells and their organelles since it is a significant part of all mammalian cell layers, the myelin sheath and the erythrocyte stroma. In Niemann-Pick type C, the fundamental lipid collected in patients cells isn't sphingomyelin yet cholesterol, nonetheless, there is a cozy connection between sphingomyelin digestion and cholesterol digestion. Sphingomyelinase is an acidic lysosomal hydrolase that catalyzes the cleavage of sphingomyelin to phosphoryl choline and ceramide. In patients with Pick’s malady its action is inadequate in all lysosome containing tissues. Patients with type A, the juvenile structure have 0.7% of the ordinary sphingomyelinase movement with middle qualities in the scope of 0-1% , while in patients with grown-up beginning neuronopathic or non-neuronopathic infection the action run is 0-19% of the typical, with middle qualities in a few tissues from 2-8% . This compound imperfection clarifies the enormous statement of sphingomyelin in tiss... ...sh Medical Journal: 295(6610):1375-1376. 4. Levade, Salvayre, Maret and Blazy. Endogenous and Exogenous Sources of Sphingomyelinin Pick’s Disease An and B. (1988) Inher. Metab. Dis.: 11, 151-157. 5. Maziere, M. Lageron, Polonovski. Modifications in Cholesterol Metabolism in Cultured Fibroblast From Patients with N-P type C. (1987) Inher. Metab. Dis.: 10, 339-346. 6.Liscum and Faust. Low Density Lipoprotein Mediated Suppression of Cholesterol Synthesis: and LDL Uptake is Defective in N-P Type C Fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem.: 262 (17002-17007). 7. Blanchette, Sokol et. al. Type C Niemann-Pick sickness. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. :263, 3411-3415. 8. Levade and Gatt. Take-up and Intracellular Degradation of Flourescent Sphingomyelin by Fibroblasts From Normal Individuals and a Patient With Niemann-Pick Disease. (1987)Biochimica et Biophysica Acta: 918, 250-257. Niemann: Pick's Disease Essay - Medicine Medical Genetics Papers Niemann: Pick's Disease Niemann Pick sickness comprises of a gathering of hereditary issue where the regular component is a fluctuating level of sphingomyelin stockpiling in specific tissues of the body. As per the present arrangement dependent on the enzymatic imperfection fundamental these scatters, two primary gatherings are recognized. The main gathering, which involves type A, which is described by an extreme lack in corrosive sphingomyelinase movement, incorporates puerile neuronopathic structure; and type B, a grown-up ceaseless structure without neurologic manifestations. In the second heterogeneous gathering called type C, neuro-instinctive association is gigantic and lipid digestion is influenced. The sphingomyelin that aggregates in the lysosomes of the Niemann-Pick illness cells is thought to emerge from the corruption of cells and their organelles since it is a significant segment of all mammalian cell films, the myelin sheath and the erythrocyte stroma. In Niemann-Pick type C, the primary lipid amassed in patients cells isn't sphingomyelin yet cholesterol, in any case, there is a cozy connection between sphingomyelin digestion and cholesterol digestion. Sphingomyelinase is an acidic lysosomal hydrolase that catalyzes the cleavage of sphingomyelin to phosphoryl choline and ceramide. In patients with Pick’s malady its action is inadequate in all lysosome containing tissues. Patients with type A, the puerile structure have 0.7% of the ordinary sphingomyelinase movement with middle qualities in the scope of 0-1% , while in patients with grown-up beginning neuronopathic or non-neuronopathic sickness the action go is 0-19% of the typical, with middle qualities in a few tissues from 2-8% . This catalyst deformity clarifies the monstrous affidavit of sphingomyelin in tiss... ...sh Medical Journal: 295(6610):1375-1376. 4. Levade, Salvayre, Maret and Blazy. Endogenous and Exogenous Sources of Sphingomyelinin Pick’s Disease An and B. (1988) Inher. Metab. Dis.: 11, 151-157. 5. Maziere, M. Lageron, Polonovski. Adjustments in Cholesterol Metabolism in Cultured Fibroblast From Patients with N-P type C. (1987) Inher. Metab. Dis.: 10, 339-346. 6.Liscum and Faust. Low Density Lipoprotein Mediated Suppression of Cholesterol Synthesis: and LDL Uptake is Defective in N-P Type C Fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem.: 262 (17002-17007). 7. Blanchette, Sokol et. al. Type C Niemann-Pick ailment. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. :263, 3411-3415. 8. Levade and Gatt. Take-up and Intracellular Degradation of Flourescent Sphingomyelin by Fibroblasts From Normal Individuals and a Patient With Niemann-Pick Disease. (1987)Biochimica et Biophysica Acta: 918, 250-257.

Socio-economic Status And Health Example

Socio-economic Status And Health Example Socio-economic Status And Health â€" Essay Example > Socioeconomic Status and DisabilityPreambleHistory has it that that the doctrine of socioeconomic status can partially reflect the potential of a target group to be characterized with certain developmental disability. The prevalence of developmental disability can amazingly be high among people living in poverty and deplorable circumstances. Discovery and understanding of the relationship between socioeconomic status and occurrence of disability is a crucial factor for the Australian Government Department of Health (AGDH) in planning and deciding on the best course of action to address general social issues particularly the developmental disability. The Department of Human Services, the Disability Service, has a custom program initiated to address the disability problem and it can greatly benefit from any informational tool unveiling the relationship between socioeconomic status and disability in planning future programs to sustain the health concern (Bradbury, Norris Abello, 2001 ). Information about the relationship between the two contexts can also be important in the allocation of funds that contributes to the socioeconomic status disparities. Allocation of development funds should reflect service needs and the cost of delivering services that are unique to a given socioeconomic status. The relationship between socioeconomic status and disability is relevant in funding models for disability, allocation of resources and facilities aimed at addressing the disability problem (Rojewsk, Lee, Gregg Gemici, 2012). Regions with high number of economically disadvantaged people report higher number of citizens with disabilities compared with areas that are dominated by middle and high income earners. According to Coppin, Ferrucci, Lauretani, Philips, Chang, Bandinelli and Guralnik (2006), studies have established a strong association between low socioeconomic status and the increased risk of disability in old age. Several psychological impairments evident in la ter life are associated with the level of socioeconomic status. This position statement gives a general synopsis of the increasing informational backing alluding correlation between socioeconomic status and disability. The statement is of particular importance to the AGDH. Disability as a Health Care ProblemDisability refers to various aspects of individual wellbeing: developmental disability, physical disability, psychological forms of disability such intellectual disability, behavioural disability and general mental disability. Management of the different forms of disability greatly influences all components of the healthcare system, and the general healthcare practice. Healthcare activities are obliged to revolve around stemming the changing and increasing needs of people with disabilities in the society in order to advance the general wellbeing of the general community (Altman Barnartt, 2006). Disability being a special need feature, it requires the customization of population -based health promotion programs according to the needs of the persons with disabilities if the healthcare systems are to meet the need of such people. In the area of health preventions, discrimination or failure to consider the special needs of people with disabilities may translate to significant health delivery complications such as inadequacy in detecting the onset of illness and diseases. For example, various important screenings for breast cancer are rarely carried out in people with psychological disabilities, which generally predispose them to late diagnosis of such healthcare problems leading to avoidable death. According to Clements (2008), high incidences of diagnostic overshadowing in the treatment of people with disability in Australian healthcare setting have been reported. Health concerns are incorrectly linked with the person’s impairments, resulting in the failure to diagnose and treat health risks. The Australian tertiary healthcare system is significantly subj ected to financial constrains particularly due to the application of the rationalistic utilitarian economic policies. This premise connotes either overt or covert approaches in the denial or limitation of medical services to persons with disability particularly due to the negative perceptions of their social value. The role of healthcare systems in addressing the problems of people with disabilities supports the relevance of the discussion on the connection between socioeconomic status (Valencia, Robinson, Michael George, 2011) and disability to the Australian Department of Health. The Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Disability DevelopmentThe prevalent disability rate surfaces as a socioeconomic indicator, particularly emerging as a type of poverty index or development mark. According to Altman and Barnartt (2004), lower socioeconomic status and higher poverty levels are strongly associated with higher disability rates. The association is explained by several characteristics of the lower socioeconomic status including lower immunization rates, poor nutritional status and low birth weight of babies. Additionally, other indicative aspects include higher illiteracy rates, unemployment and lower occupational immobility. Researchers have attempted to explain the relationship between socioeconomic status and disability through comparison of different forms of disability and their correlation with social and economic variables. Exposure to low socioeconomic position or poverty has a pervasive detrimental impact on wellbeing, and people with intellectual disabilities have exacerbated risk. The imperative is thus that the lowly emotional and behavioural wellbeing of people with intellectual disabilities may be partially attributed to their poor socioeconomic position. According to Emerson and Einfeld (2011), recent research suggests that increased exposure to low socioeconomic status or poverty may account for about 20-50 percent of the increased risk for poore r health and mental health. Exposure to poverty or low socioeconomic position accounts for part of the differences in wellbeing among people with intellectual disabilities when compared with people from high socioeconomic status. Mental disabilities among people living in the lower socioeconomic status could be attributed to cumulative exposure to acute life stresses or adverse life events. The situation is deplored by exposure to specific life events such as abuse, parental death, and lack of proper care during childhood. Poor family functioning and single parenthood may also contribute to development of psychological disability among children brought up in such families. Poor family functioning and single parenthood incidences are more common among people living in the lower socioeconomic status or abject poverty (Gargiulo Kilgo, 2004). Disabilities crucial features reflective of excessive poverty and people with disabilities emerge as the most marginalized in terms of the econ omic and social development of the communities where they come from. The problem of disability has been aggravated by failure to prioritize disability issues and involve persons with disabilities in poverty reduction interventions (Taylor, 2011). Within Australia, the rate of disability has been reported to be twice higher among the indigenous communities than the rest of the public. Studies involving different developed countries such as UK, USA and Australia have revealed significant link between disability rates and the low income with number of people with disabilities increasing with the reduction in income. In addition, the prevalence also increases with unemployment with a great number of disabled people being unemployed or their backgrounds comprising of high number of unemployed family members. The severity of some disabilities especially psychological conditions is aggravated by increase in unemployment or lack of a source of income (Gargiulo Kilgo, 2004). On the other hand, disability imparts negative influence on the socioeconomic status of the affected people through inability to secure employment or indulge in economic building activities. Certain forms of disability including physical and psychological conditions undermine the capability of the affected people to participate in any income generating activity thereby translating to worsening of their conditions. Low Socioeconomic Status and Disability in Old AgeThe effects of socioeconomic status on disability are pronounced in old age in which a significant number of people face more challenges in accessing adequate healthcare (Klaber, Underwood Gardiner, 2009). Other disadvantages faced in late life include inadequate nutrition, exposure to excessive stress, and exposure toxins that contribute to the increased disability prevalence. People in the late life stages require intensive health care, which may not be readily accessible due to financial constraints. Elderly people among the indige nous communities in Australia have lower education knowledge, high rates of poverty, low income and higher dependence on the social security income (Hoffmann, 2008). In this case, they demand increased medical attention, which may not be affordable to them leading to development of various body complications. Interventions and Recommendations Owing to the strong link between socioeconomic status and disability prevalence, management of the different forms of disability require not medication but the contributing factors such as poverty. Without focus on the contributing factors to the development of certain disabilities, the Australian Government Health Department will continue committing large budgets for the management of the disability problem without any significant progress. Therefore, understanding the link between lower socioeconomic status and disability is crucial in establishing sustainable measures to address the problem (Bowen Gonzalez, 2010). Information on the role of poverty towards the development of some disabilities such as intellectual, mental and psychological disability should be given due priority in the development of disability programs and healthcare based interventions (Emerson Einfeld, 2011). Exposure to several circumstances unique with the lower socioeconomic status emerges as either causal factors in the development of disabilities or exasperating factors (Emerson, 2003). In this case, the department should focus on strategies to address poverty, low income, and unemployment as some of the root cause of disabilities in among the indigenous Australian communities. It is evident that people with disabilities do not get appropriate healthcare services including discriminatory treatment such as overshadowing diagnosis and failure to diagnose deadly diseases such as cervix and breast cancer (Clements, 2008). The people in the lower socioeconomic status could attribute the eventualities to unequal access to healthcare services. Th erefore, it is important for the department establish policies to guide the treatment of the people with equal measure regardless of their socioeconomic status. People diagnosed with any of the different forms of disabilities should be taken through similar screening processes as the wealthier class to prevent late diagnosis of certain life threatening health conditions. The department of health can liaise with the department of human development to ensure allocation of funds towards reduction of the poverty as the first step in the prevention of developmental and psychological disabilities. Disabled people should be involved in poverty eradication plans and initiatives as way of reducing their potential of living in the lower socioeconomic status. Health programs aimed addressing issues such as smoking and drug abuse that affect both the normal people and the people with disabilities should ingrate the need of such people as opposed to previous experiences where such programs have left out the people with special needs (Thomas, 2007). Attempts should be made to eliminate the negative perception of the social value of people with disabilities, which is a major contributor to their discrimination within the healthcare system. Enactment of comprehensive measures to address poverty, unemployment and low income among the Australian indigenous communities is crucial in reducing the healthcare burden associated with the treatment of people with disabilities. Owing to the prevalence of socioeconomic status related disabilities in old age, the department should consider enacting policies to facilitate increased medical attention among the aging people. The social security income should be increased to ensure that such people access important services and adequate nutrition to limit the disability prevalence experienced in later life (Thomas, 2007). In SummarySeveral studies have established a strong association between lower socioeconomic status and higher prevalen ce of disabilities. The association is supported by compounding factors such as lower immunization rates, poor nutrition, limited access to quality medical services and poverty related stress among other numerous factors. Children raised in poorly functioning families and through single parenthood have shown increased risk rates to the development of disabilities. Information on the relationship between socioeconomic status and disability is crucial to the department of health especially in establishing policies to address the disability problems that have greatly affected negatively on the Australian healthcare system. The government commits a significant percentage of its resources to support people with disabilities hence the need to find sustainable solutions to the problem through addressing of the root causal factors. In order to limit the effect of socioeconomic status on the disability prevalence in the country, several measures should be implemented including enactment of policies to guarantee equal access to health care services among the people with disabilities and involvement of the people in initiatives aimed at reducing poverty in the country. References

The law on adverse possession - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1508 Downloads: 11 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Critical essay Level High school Tags: Act Essay Did you like this example? Critically discuss this statement. ANSWER Introduction Adverse possession is known in popular parlance as squatters rights. The law on adverse possession concerns the process by which title to real property owned by another party is acquired without the payment of compensation, by, as its name suggests, occupying the property in a manner that conflicts with the true owners rights for a minimum specified period of time. Mackenzie and Phillips define the concept as follows: the process of acquiring title to land by dispossessing the previous holder and occupying the land until his right to recover it is time-barred.[1] As cases such as Powell v McFarland [1977][2] and Buckingham County Council v Moran [1990][3] confirm, adverse possession requires the co-existence and proof of three elements in regards to the occupation of the property in question.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The law on adverse possession" essay for you Create order These elements are physical, mental and temporal. Generally speaking, this means that any party seeking to claim the property occupy it exclusively (preventing the occupation of others) and openly to the world at large just as if it were their own. Openly hostile possession must be continuous[4] in nature without the permission of or challenge from the legitimate owner, for a fixed statutory period in order to permit the acquisition of title. Adverse possession has been governed by section 15 of the Limitation Act 1980[5], since 1981.[6] Section 15(1) of the 1980 Act the limitation period for the adverse possession of land is 12 years. The statement under discussion suggests that the Law Commission, Parliament and the European Court of Human Rights have indicated a negative disposition towards adverse possession because none of those bodies takes sufficient account of the significant public interests supported by the doctrine. This paper discusses the nature of adverse possession against the backdrop of recent trends in the law, which throw the concept of squatters rights into critical sharp focus. Analysis of Adverse Possession Prima facie, the concept of adverse possession appears to go against the grain of certain fundamental principles of English common law, basic socio-economic policy and the conventional political paradigm which sustains our property-owning democracy. In simple terms an adverse possessor is nothing more than a trespasser, which is itself a tort against the owner of the property, although according to ancient law, if he or she can perpetrate the tort unchallenged for long enough they may be rewarded by being allowed to acquire ownership of the property in question without the knowledge or consent of the rightful landowner. In almost all other circumstances the law has a word for property which is removed from its owner without consent and that word is theft. Perhaps it comes as little surprise therefore that in recent times the historical anomaly of adverse possession has fallen under critical review.[7] In recent times Parliament has substantially improved the position of a registered landowner without actually abolishing the doctrine of adverse possession. Impetus for recent legislative reform came in part from the Law Commission and its influential report Land Registration for the Twenty-First Century: A Conveyancing Revolution (2001)[8]. The report proposed new rules for the adverse possession of registered land which, it is submitted, effectively neutered the rights of squatters. Produced in response to the 2001 Law Commission report, the Land Registration Act 2002[9] now stipulates that where land is registered, if an adverse possessor wishes to take an interest in land he must apply to be registered as owner after a minimum period of 10 years of adverse possession. Significantly the Land Registry must then give notice to the true owner of this application. This procedure offers the landowner a p eriod of time 65 business days to object to the adverse possession.. Once objection has been made the true owner will usually have a further two years in which to effect the eviction of the adverse possessor. It is submitted that this legislative reform effectively drives a knife into the heart of adverse possession by preventing the removal of a land ownerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right to property without their prior knowledge. It could be argued however that this policy fails to give proper emphasis to the contended benefits of adverse possession. In terms of a utilitarian socio-economic analysis one could assert that given that land is a finite commodity it should be used in such a way as to produce the maximum societal benefit. If a landowner has ignored property for such a long period of time, perhaps it is contrary to social justice to deny another party, who has committed himself to the land, its use and enjoyment. In the recent cases of Beaulane Properties Limited v Palmer [2005][10] the law of adverse possession received further, and possibly fatal, body blows.. The High Court ruled that the law of adverse possession in relation to registered land is not compatible with the Human Rights Act 1998[11] and Article 1 of the First Protocol of the European Convention on Human Rights[12], which provides for the right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions. This decision is consonant with another recent case before the European Court of Human Rights JA Pye (Oxford) Land Ltd v United Kingdom [2005][13], it was held (although only by a 4:3 majority) that the doctrine of adverse possession was indeed a violation of Article 1 of the First Protocol to the Convention. Moreover, the Court of Human Rights found that it was disproportionate for the true owner both to lose his land and to receive no compensation for it and that adverse possession interfered with the fair balance between the public interest and the true owners right to the peaceful enjoyment of his posse ssions.[14] The decision was appealed by the UK Government to the Grand Chamber of the Court Europes highest court, in November 2006. At the time of writing (24 February 2007) this ruling is still awaited.[15] It is submitted that the Grand Chamber is likely to endorse the ruling of the Court of Human Rights given that to do otherwise would necessitate jurisprudential gymnastics around the fundamental right enshrined in Article 1 of the First Protocol to the Convention. Concluding Comments There is an old saying that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Possession is nine-tenths of the law  and this was never more true than in the context of the law on adverse possession.. The most ancient principles of land law based ownership on possession called seisin, with title awarded to the person who could show he had been seised of the land at the earliest date. However, it is submitted that adverse possession, while deriving certain theoretical social benefits and consonant with basic tenets of uti litarian principle, is essentially a relic of the past and incongruous in application in the modern context. It is a trite observation that conceptual utilitarianism is sidelined in modern courts and legislatures given that proliferation of hard, sovereign law. The polemic concerning the law on adverse possession can be summarised as a conflict between mediaeval pragmatism supported by peripheral social equity, and modern property interests buttressed by progressive human rights. It is submitted that this is no contest. Adverse possession will soon be no more than a footnote in legal history. THE END GLOBAL DOCUMENT WORD COUNT : 1326 (excluding footnotes) BIBLIOGRAPHY Chronicle, Council for Licensed Conveyancers, Edition 46, February 2007 European Convention of Human Rights: https://www..echr.coe.int/NR/rdonlyres/D5CC24A7-DC13-4318-B457-5C9014916D7A/0/EnglishAnglais..pdf European Court of Human Rights: https://www.echr.coe.int/ECHR/ Human Rights Act 1998: https://www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts1998/19980042.htm Land Registration Act 2002: https://www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts2002/20020009.htm Land Registration for the Twenty-First Century: A Conveyancing Revolution (2001) Law Com No 271 (published on 10 July 2001) Limitation Act 1980: https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/docs/cp151apa.pdf Mackenzie J., and Phillips M., A Practical Approach to Land Law, (2001) Blackstone Press Ltd à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Swat the squatters. Owners to be protected from home hijackersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Daily Mail, 2 September 1998 Cases as footnoted, verified against original law reports. Footnotes [1] Mackenzie J., and Phillips M., A Practical Approach to Land Law, (2001) Blackstone Press Ltd, p.362 [2] 38 P CR 452. [3] Ch 623. [4] Generally speaking possession must be continuous but where the property in question is of a type typically only occupied at certain times (for example a summer holiday cottage), it may be that the party seeking to assert rights of adverse possession only needs to be in exclusive, open, hostile possession during those successive periods of normal use. [5] See for full text https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/docs/cp151apa.pdf. [6] Section 41(2) Limitation Act 1980. [7] See inter alia: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Swat the squatters. Owners to be protected from home hijackersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Daily Mail, 2 September 1998, p.4. [8] Law Com No 271 (published on 10 July 2001). [9] For full text see: https://www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts2002/20020009.htm. [10] All ER (D) 413. [11] For full text see: https://www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts1998/19980042.htm. [12] See for full text: https://www.echr.coe.int/NR/rdonlyres/D5CC24A7-DC13-4318-B457-5C9014916D7A/0/EnglishAnglais.pdf [13] European Court of Human Rights [2005] 47 EG 145 (CS). [14] For further comment see: Chronicle, Council for Licensed Conveyancers, Edition 46, February 2007, page 5. [15] As of 24.2.2007 this case is listed as pending before the Grand Chamber: https://www.echr.coe.int/ECHR/EN/Header/Pending+Cases/Pending+cases/Cases+pending+before+a+Grand+Chamber/.

Parkinson’s Disease Essay - 1260 Words

Parkinson’s Disease Parkinson’s Disease (PD), known for its degenerative abilities and debilitating affects, is an illness that affects approximately 1 million Americans. The cause of this disease has not been pinpointed, although strides have been made towards a cure. As our elderly population increases, so does our overwhelming need to find a suitable cure that may one day eliminate this disease. Concepts of PD After watching the video: My father, My Brother, and Me, viewable at www.pbs.org , I took away four significant concepts pertaining to PD. The first concept is that although there is not a definitive cause to this disease, research has shown that factors such as genes and toxic chemicals may play a pivotal role in the†¦show more content†¦Although MPTP seemed like a likely cause to the onset of PD, it was later found to be a factor that could not be confirmed. Delayed Diagnosis of PD The symptoms of this disease usually take months, if not years to develop, making PD hard to diagnose during early onset. Like many cancers, the symptoms associated with this disease, such as tremors and stiffness, may develop at different stages. Pinpointing PD generally occurs after many of the symptoms develop, usually in the later stages, although PD can occur more rapidly in some people. According to NINDS (2011), â€Å"the diagnosis is based on medical history and a neurological examination. The disease can be difficult to diagnose accurately. Doctors may sometimes request brain scans or laboratory tests in order to rule out other diseases† (http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/parkinsons_disease/parkinsons_ disease.htm). The Effects of PD PD is a condition that results when a certain gene in the brain stays consistently open, resulting in a lack of dopamine production from damaged or dead neurons. Dopamine is responsible for the coordination of movement throughout the body. Without these active dopamine producing brain cells, the affected person can develop tremors, poor balance, lack of coordination, stiffness, and delayed movements. Developments Toward a Cure for PD Currently, there is no cure for PD. Extensive research has been conducted on PD in the past and present in hopes toShow MoreRelatedThe Parkinsons Disease1596 Words   |  6 PagesMany people around the world today suffer from Parkinson’s disease and other movement disorders. A movement disorder is a disorder impairing the speed, fluency, quality, and ease of movement. There are many types of movement disorders such as impaired fluency and speed of movement (dyskinesia), excessive movements (hyperkinesia), and slurred movements (hypokinesia). Some types of movement disorders are ataxia, a lack of coordination, Huntingtons disease, multiple system atrophies, myoclonus, briefRead MoreThe Parkinsons Disease761 Words   |  3 PagesMathur states that â€Å"Genetics loads the gun, environment pulls the trigger† (Mathur). Parkinson’s Disease (PD) exhibits this pattern, with the vast majority of PD cases being idiopathic, likely the result of combined genetic and environmental factors. While many researchers previously sought symptom-specific treatment, recent breakthroughs open the door for the discovery of genetic and environmental causes so that disease prevention, and even reversal, emerge as viable possibilities. Recent research demonstratesRead More Parkinsons Disease Essay1764 Words   |  8 PagesParkinson’s disease (PD) is a striatal dopamine deficiency disorder as a consequence of neuronal loss in the substania nigra. It is named after James Parkinson, a British apothecary, who first fully documented its physical signs in 1817. Since then, significant advances have been made in our understanding of characteristic pathophysiology as well as in the medical treatment of different stages of PD. An overview of condition features in terms of epidemiology, manifestations, diagnosis and diseaseRead MoreParkinson’s Disease Essay1446 Words   |  6 PagesParkinson’s Disease is known as one of the most common progressive and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. It belongs to a group of conditions known as movement disorders. Parkinson disease is a component of hypokinetic disorder because it causes a decreased in bodily movement. It affects people who are usually over the age of 50. It can i mpair an individual motor as well as non-motor function. Some of the primary symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are characterized by tremors or trembling in handsRead More Parkinsons Disease Essay1642 Words   |  7 PagesParkinsons Disease Parkinson’s Disease (PD), the shaking palsy first described by James Parkinson in 1817, is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder which affects in upwards of 1.5 million Americans. The disease begins to occur around age 40 and has incidence with patient age. One survey found that PD may affect 1% of the population over 60. Incidence seems to be more prominent in men, and tends to progress to incapacity and death over one or two decades. Clinical diagnosis of PD isRead MoreEssay on Parkinson’s Disease1305 Words   |  6 PagesParkinson’s Disease (PD) is a chronic neurological disease that effects about 329 per 100,000 people in the US. The average onset of this disease usually is for people over the age of 50, with the baby boomers getting older there may be an increase in this disease, as much as 9 million people worldwide. (Pawha 2010) Etiology The disease happens when the cells in the brain are damaged or stop-producing Dopamine, which helps with muscle movement, thus leaves those patients unable to control theirRead MoreParkinsons Disease Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pages Parkinsons Disease Parkinsons is an idiopathic, multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that attacks neurotransmitters in the brain called dopamine. Dopamine is concentrated in a specific area of the brain called the substantia nigra. The neurotransmitter dopamine is a chemical that regulates muscle movement and emotion. Dopamine is responsible for relaying messages between the substantia nigra and other parts of the brain to control body movement. The death of these neurotransmitters affectsRead MoreEssay Parkinsons Disease3763 Words   |  16 PagesParkinsons Disease In 1817, James Parkinson published his famous treatise: An Essay on the Shaking Palsy, describing the symptoms which now collectively bear his name. Although many scientists before his time had described various aspects of motor dysfunction (ataxia, paralysis, tremor) Parkinson was the first to collect them into a common syndrome; one which he believed formed a distinctive condition. His sixty-six page essay contained five chapters describing symptoms, differential diagnosesRead MoreParkinsons Disease Essay784 Words   |  4 PagesDiagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease is extremely important in terms of treating the symptoms before the disease gets worse. It is common for patients with PD to have motor symptoms such as gait disorder, which comes from muscle stiffness/rigidity, bradykinesia, postural imbalance, etc. Gait disorders can generally help determine how far the neurological disorder has affected the motor function and control of the individual. Many physicians in general c linics determine if a patient has PD or if it hasRead MoreEssay on Parkinson’s Disease2135 Words   |  9 PagesParkinson’s Disease Parkinson’s disease is a disease with a wide variety of disabilities recognizable as changes in appearance, posture, walking, and balance. In 1817, the English physician James Parkinson described these symptoms in his patients and has had his name become synonymous with the disease. In 1893 the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia was identified as an area of disease for Parkinson’s. Examination with the naked eye reveals a lack of black pigment in this portion of the brainstem

Strategic Marketing Management Free Essays

Criteria referenceTo achieve the criteria the evidence must show that the student is able to: LO1 Understand the principles of strategic marketing management 1. 1 discuss the role of strategic marketing in an organisationUnderstand and discuss: 1. The key definition of strategic marketing 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Marketing Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now The role and importance of strategic marketing 3. The key strategic marketing concepts and activities in the organisation 1. 2 explain the processes involved in strategic marketingUnderstand and discuss: 1. The strategic marketing planning processes 2. Approaches to strategic planning . 3 evaluate the links between Strategic marketing and corporate strategyUnderstand and discuss : 1. Nature of strategy and marketing 2. Links to corporate strategy, mission statements, organizational structure, corporate responsibility and ethics LO2 Understand the tools used to develop a strategic marketing strategy 2. 1 assess the value of models used in strategic marketing planningUnderstand and discuss : 1. Models used to develop the strategic marketing strategy, such as Porter’s 5 forces, SWOT, STEEPLE, BCG matrix and Ansoff matrix 2. discuss the links between strategic positioning and marketing tacticsUnderstand and discuss : 1. The nature of strategic marketing position and tactics 2. Wh en strategic plans are put into operation 3. How tactics are related to the strategic positioning 2. 3 analyse the merits of relationship marketing in a given strategic marketing strategyUnderstand and discuss : 1. The nature of relationship marketing 2. Place of relationship marketing in a strategic marketing plan 3. Merits of using this technique LO3 Be able to use strategic marketing Techniques 3. 1 use appropriate marketing techniques to ascertain growth opportunities in a marketUnderstand and discuss : 1. Setting marketing objectives and strategy , 2. Segmenting the market 3. Targeting 4. Positioning 3. 2 plan how to use marketing strategy options in a marketUnderstand and discuss : 1. Porter’s generic strategies 2. Core competencies and competitive advantage 3. General Electric Model or Shell directional matrix 4. Market positioning 3. 3 create appropriate strategic marketing objectives for a marketUnderstand and discuss : 1. Marketing mix – 7 Ps (Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process, Physical evidence) LO4 Be able to respond to changes in the marketing environment 4. 1 report on the impact of changes in the external environment on a marketing strategyUnderstand and discuss : The changes and impact of 1. Customer demand 2. Globalization 3. Technology 4. Organizational accountability 5. Importance of customer service 6. Erosion of brands 4. 2 conduct an internal analysis to identify current strengths and weaknesses in a marketing strategyUnderstand and discuss : 1. The organization’s resources, capabilities 2. The way in which the organization configures and co-ordinates its key value-adding activities 3. The structure of the organization and the characteristics of its culture 4. The performance of the organization as measured by the strength of its products 4. 3 propose strategic marketing responses to key emerging themes in a marketing strategyUnderstand and discuss : The strategic responses to changes by 1. Reducing cost base 2. Improving quality 3. Getting closer to the customer 4. Shorter cycle time 5. Strategic Partnerships 6. Ability to change fast Similar essay: Reed Supermarkets: a New Wave of Competitors How to cite Strategic Marketing Management, Essay examples Strategic Marketing Management Free Essays Your organization operates in a dynamic marketplace—competition, consumers, technology, and market forces redefine your industry every day. Staying competitive means continuously adjusting and adapting your customer approach to meet changing needs and expectations. Strategic Marketing Management provides a comprehensive examination of all major components of marketing strategy and their integration. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Marketing Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now By completing this program, executives will have the ability to enhance their company’s profitability and marketplace position. Strategic Marketing is the way a firm effectively differentiates itself from it’s competitors by capitalising on its strengths (both current and potential) to provide consistently better value to customers than its competitors. In principle it’s that simple, but it means a lot more than getting creative with the marketing mix. Armed with a thorough understanding of the firm’s capabilities and aspirations, the customer market and the competitive landscape, the Goal of Strategic Marketing (and the job of the strategic marketer) is to maximise a firm’s positive differentiation over competitors in the eyes of its target market. It does this by answering 3 key questions; where, how and when should the business compete. In understanding this, it’s no surprise that a Strategic Marketing Plan will often lay a framework for fundamental change in the way a firm works and how it engages its markets. Business-to-Business (B2B) Marketing, like any area of management, has both strategic and operational components. While operational marketing (marketing management) is concerned with developing a suitable marketing mix to realise a set of defined business goals, Strategic Marketing on the other hand is concerned with defining what the business needs to ‘be and become’ to consistently beat the competitors by delivering consistently better value. Simply put, the Role of Strategic Marketing is to decide: * Which markets to compete in (where to compete). * What the basis of the firm’s competitive advantage is going to be (how to compete), and * When and how the firm will enter each market (when to compete) How to cite Strategic Marketing Management, Papers Strategic Marketing Management Free Essays Edexcel Strategic Marketing Management Assessor: Submitted By: Student ID: Table of Contents Introduction2 1. 1)Importance of Strategic Marketing2 1. 2)Marketing Planning Process3 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Marketing Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3)Links between strategic marketing and the corporate strategy5 2. 1) Values of the models in the strategic marketing6 2. 2) Positioning and marketing Tactics7 2. 3) Relationship marketing7 3. 1 ) Exploiting the Growth factors8 3. 2) Response to a change9 3. 3) Strategic marketing Objectives10 4. 1) Changes to the external market11 4. 2) Internal Analysis11 4. ) Marketing Responses11 Conclusion12 Web References14 Introduction Strategic marketing is an essential element in the process of making better plans for the future. Even though it is targeted at marketing, it will be the driving force of many companies to reach the organizational objectives. A strategy could give different divisions blended together and linked to the future. Therefor a better understanding is essential of how the strategies work and how they will be changed in the time to come and the changes one can do in relation to their functionality. The below assignment will provide the necessary details for those. 1 Importance of Strategic Marketing A Marketing strategy is a long term oriented tool used to make sure that no deviations are done to the marketing and the marketing function of the organization will be maintained all throughout the organization as a philosophy. It will be the key to drive an organization to its peak as marketing brings the organization to its customer. So as a result, the ability of a company to maintain and penetrate the market would be through the marketing strategy. Therefor a marketing strategy is an essential element. Under the strategy the main elements would be the pricing, the distributions and the modifications to the marketing mix such as product ranges, after sales, and etc. A concept such as branding also goes along with the marketing strategy (Proctor, 2000). For companies such as IKEA, the need for a proper marketing plan is much essential. Products such as home appliances, furniture and their innovative stuff would need to properly address the target market properly with their pros and cons. Elements such as folding chairs, folding tables would need to be to the customers’ attention or otherwise the customers won’t know about it. So the awareness advertisement campaigns are a must element for any company such as IKEA. Mass advertisements, public Relations are a must element for them. For IKEA the most suitable marketing strategy is to keep updating the innovative products and put the concept ‘Visit us because we have everything needed for your house’ into the mind of the customer (Blythe J. et alTop of Form , 2000). With the competition of Damro, Wal-Mart, the level of competition would be sky high and the level of innovation that those companies perform are much more equal and the pricing strategies used by Wall- Mart are a major threat. Therefor better pricing, product ranges and better market positioning are a must. Therefore a good marketing concept and a strategy are a must element for companies such as IKEA (CravensBottom: o. Form , 2009:p. 71) 2 Marketing Planning Process In strategic marketing the key concern should focus on the long term orientation. Therefore when maintaining connections with the strategy, the following should be concerned, (Donnelly and Harrison 2009), the first step involved in the strategic planning mode, is the situational analysis. Under that the main idea is the analysing the current situation and the current suitability of the company for such changes. Therefore in order to carry out the initial step, Marketing Audit must be carried out. Under the marketing main idea is to detect the possibilities of the current organizational marketing orientation to meet the desired outcome. Mainly the SWOT analysis and PEST analysis can be used in this approach. According to McDonald, (2008) under the SWOT analysis (strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) the main concern should be made on the company strengths. Strengths are those which the company is good at doing something. For IKEA the current market position in the minds of the existing customers all around the world for the home appliances clearly distinguish IKEA. The high quality yet the reasonable prices for their products, will give the prominence in the minds of the customer in any country. That strong global brand will make IKEA to penetrate countries such as Indonesia with ease even though there are existing players such as headache without too much pressure. (Stevens et al 2006) The current weakness in IKEA of having no Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in China is a huge underlying problem for the company. Such problems will make the company’s brand image to decline especially in East Asian Countries. Also their level of brand maintenance has been poor especially in China. Indonesia being a closer country to China will get some reputation loss due to that. Indonesia is not a country which they mainly concern about the concepts such as Carbon footprint. Therefore, it must be advised that there is an opportunity for IKEA to use their packing materials in a Green Manner which will make the company image more in line to the mindset in Europe. The major threat for IKEA in Indonesia will be the Damro and Wall-mart. Such global companies will make a significant impact over the products of the company. There for IKEA must pay solid attention to analyze the above aspects to a deeper manner when setting their objectives (www. arketingteacher. com) When it comes to analysis the external market, the key priority must be given to the areas such as Political, technological, Economic, Social. When looking at the Political factors it can be seen that there are many government relate policies such as budgetary allocation to the national trade, government attitudes and so on. Special technological advancements such as level of internet penetration, and e commerce must be taken carefully (McDonald and Wilson 2011). E-commerce will impact IKEA drastically, with the internet use level in Indonesia. Under the economic factor the main point would be the use of the countries’ economic factors such as the global recession and disposable spending of the households must be looked at. Competitor analysis must also be carried out in the areas such as analyzing the key competitors, entry and exit barriers and etc. Once the corporate appraisal is done then the objectives should be defined clearly as to where the company wants to be in the future under the marketing strategies and how the company should be driven to reach the goal. When reaching to the defined organizational goal the main strategist must then be developed. One could use the Target market strategies such as segmentation, targeting and positioning. Another way would be Marketing mix strategies where marketing mix is used to develop the strategies. Growth strategies such as Ansoff Matrix can be adopted to see whether it fits into the organizational culture (Weingand, 2000) Figure 1: Ansoff Matrix Source: Smartdraw. com Once the correct path is chosen having concerned the internal and external appraisal and objective, then the corrective action plans and tactics must be developed. Finally the evaluation and control tactics must be clearly defined to obtain a gain for the company (Doole and Lowe 2008). 3 Links between strategic marketing and the corporate strategy When developing a corporate strategy the steps are almost the same as mentioned above in the marketing strategy setting process. But the difference would be the scope and the coverage. It is essential for the company to make sure that functional strategies such as marketing must tally with the objectives of the corporate strategy. Therefore in order to demonstrate the link between these two strategies porters five forces model can be adopted (Smith et al 2000) Figure 2: Porters’ Five Forces Source: Notedesk. com A company will have the customers due to the power and effectiveness of their marketing strategy which will link to the overall competitiveness of a company. If a company’s marketing strategies are stronger and powerful than the entire company will proceed. According to Michel Porter, the main emphasis was that all the elements shown above will influence the overall strength or the competitiveness of a company. From the SWOT analysis which was mentioned above the link can be seen of the corporate and marketing strategy of a company. This can be analysed from the view points of the weaknesses. If the company is having a poor marketing strategy, then the overall company’s ability to penetrate the market opportunities will be low. Then the necessary adjustments will be made to the marketing strategy to merge the organizational strategy to marketing strategy (Lowson, 2002). Comparing this concept with IKEA Indonesia the level of customer bargaining power is high. This is due to the available options in Indonesia. Companies such as Hithachi, Damro, and Wall- Mart will make the consumer buying more and more wide which makes IKEA will have to adjust themselves more and more price conscious. The levels of bargaining power of suppliers are also a critical factor. Since the company has maintained significant contacts all throughout their history with suppliers, the level of bond IKEA has with the company is immense. Therefore a loss of a supplier will make the company to increase the price but which is impossible in Indonesian market. In relation to the substitutes which IKEA has in Indonesia could be said as a minor effect on the operations. Because even though IKEA is in to Home appliances, their competitors don’t look as innovative as IKEA. Also IKEA concerning about the market pattern changes will make the company to compete in the market more freely. New entrants to the market will not make IKEA to be concerned a lot. But a multinational will be a key issue as they already have the economies of scale and dominate the market with no issue. When analysing the PEST factors, with regard to the Social factors, if the marketing division is not strong then the appropriate adjustments will be made to the existing marketing strategy. One common example would be, if the company is in an Islamic country and if the company uses models with inappropriate dress codes, then the taste of the product will go down. Especially with IKEA in their launch to Indonesia had to use the most effective marketing and ethical ways to grab the market. If the organizational objective is to penetrate the competition, then due to the particular objective, obviously the market share will increase (Frain, 2000). When compare the economic recession in Europe it is essential for IKEA to expand their operations in Indonesia as Eastern Asian countries were not destroyed due to the economic recession in Europe. Even though Indonesian per capita is US$3, 900 which is slightly below the par in comparison to other operating countries, still the expansions could be made as there is significant growth in the market due to the Foreign Direct Investments. The level of Internet penetration in Indonesia according to the Jakarta post. om the level of internet penetration in Indonesia is more than India but below the Korean Republic. Therefore it is likely that IKEA will adopt the concepts such as E-commerce to be available for the customers. 2. 1) Values of the models in the strategic marketing With the use of the marketing planning tools such as SWOT Analysis, PEST Analysis and Ansoff Matrix the following applications can be made. With a good SWOT analysis, it will be very easy to make a company such as I KEA to analyze their current position and to develop any further adjustments such as the implications of the Ansoff Matrix. One common example would be if IKEA lacks in their branding, then through the new products the relative awareness can be made (Carpenter, 2012). The value of the strategic marketing tools such as PEST Analysis, SWOT Analysis is as follows in relation to the penetration to the Indonesian Market. PEST Analysis Under this approach the above theoretical understanding was gained as to how the Political, Economic, Social, Technological factors affect a market. When considering a deeper analysis, the Political Factor is a key Concern as according to the CIA, (2009) the corruption in the government is all spread and rooted. Therefor when IKEA looks to enter the Indonesian Market the political factor should be counter attacked through Corporate Political Activities. The economic factor is a sound characteristic out of all the four items in the PEST Analysis. Even though it is mentioned above the ability of the Indonesian market to be survived from the global recession due to their sound Fiscal and monetary policies, yet the threat of Earth Quake factor is there. According to the British Geological Survey (2012), the possibility of earthquakes in Indonesia is high and the low restiveness must be carefully analysed. Special tactics such as Natural Disaster Management must be adhered in all their processes and the economic impact must be analysed as well such as the drop of the interest rates, Taxation, minimum and maximum pricing must be carefully submitted. According to the Euro monitor International (2012), the possibilities that IKEA will launch their outlets are high. As per the article, the interest levels of the households to reach the shopping malls rather than the traditional markets are increasingly growing. Also to the improvement of the household disposable spending, the amount of spending on the IKEA items will be high. As a result IKEA will locate their outlets in shopping malls largely. Also it should also be remembered that the amount of technological penetration happening in Indonesia is increasing. The usages of Smart phones are increasing, which will later influence the mobile marketing and specially developed apps to bring the latest products to the customer. Therefor from the PEST analysis, IKEA will experience the above factors and move in to IKEA. SWOT Analysis and Five Forces The current opportunities available in the Indonesian Market According to Euro monitor International (2012) are as follows. The main development of the areas such as Emerging Markets will open up the space for IKEA to enter to the Market. Companies such as TESCO will also try to grab the opportunity but IKEA will rush through the opening process as the abilities of the organization such as the Strong Brand Image, Vast distribution channel across the globe and the skills they have shown in the markets such as Japan and China will be the main tactics. With their affordable prices, this would be again easy. As the disposable income and the per capita income of Indonesian whose holdings are below in comparison to other countries, still lower labour cost and economies of scale will enable IKEA to profit. Therefore the SWOT Analysis will be used in many ways and the justification would be that there are many targets which IKEA can dart at. When analysing the Ansoff Matrix according to the dimensions, IKEA can develop their own likings and match them to their SWOT Analysis. One common example would be, if there is a big raising good faith is there in Indonesia, IKEA can look to expand their carbon footprint experience of the companies into packaging and strengths the supplier relationships. Therefor the tools used the in the assessment of the strategy planning are vital and crucial. 2. 2) Positioning and marketing Tactics Strategic positioning is the final stage of the target market. In strategic positioning the key variables to focus on are as follows. Basically positioning is the place attributed to the minds of the customer in relations to the competitor product. Benefit positioning is where the focus is given to the benefits of the product. For a mosquito repellent the main idea will be a good sleep. An example would be in a bed, comfortable sleep and etc. This should be made in line with customer expectations. In order to reach this position the tactics such as benefit focused marketing must be used in order to fix the product in the customer’s mind (Graham, 2008). The product category leader is the positioning the product in a product category such as for home appliances IKEA. Competitive positioning where KFC comes ahead of McDonalds or vice versa. If the products have a unique feature such as door cooling technology, then the brand is LG. That positioning is called as unique selling proposition. If the product is a high quality one, then tactics such as premium pricing, personal selling can be adopted. As mentioned above, the tactics which are short term focused will lead the positioning to a long term orientation (Graham, 2008). 2. 3) Relationship marketing For a company such as IKEA, the use of the relationship marketing will be highly essential. The connection can be identified through the ladder of customer loyalty. Figure 3: Loyalty ladder Source: IndianMBA Under the ladder company must make sure that a prospect must be converted through the marketing promotional strategies to a buyer to be the prospect of the company. An existing customer can be converted a loyal customer through loyalty schemes and membership cards. A customer can be converted to a supporter through marketing activities such as differentiating. A supporter can be converted to an advocate through the marketing strategies such as Permission Marketing and finally through activities such as Branding and customer oriented marketing tools, a partner can be sought where a partner will be engaged in the word of mouth marketing (Peck et al2012). 3. 1) Exploiting the Growth factors There have been many opportunities aroused with the level of increase of the market share. With the change of the market population especially in emerging markets such as China, Brazil, Russia, South Africa (BRICS) the ability of the companies such as Tesco and IKEA have penetrated the markets like never before. The growth has happened not only in the way of population, the technological advancements especially in China, have caused IKEA a big impact where most of the IKEA products are produced in china and as well as India due to the advanced technologies and larger economies of scale in the production (Stone, 2001). When there is a high amount of reverse engineering concepts adopted in countries such as China and India, the level of new innovations can be done. IKEA’s latest products in the home appliance division have made a big impact on their product mix†¦ The latest innovative multi use tables, beds are the latest innovations from the production plants in China and they have successfully implemented those products in Middle east and USA obtaining a larger number of sales and customers to their premises those concepts have made the consumer to visit the place again which proves the correct marketing has been done in the most precise manner (Bachmeier, 2009). Changes to the buying behavior has caused the company to focus on their products more closely to make sure that they can create a switching cost among IKEA products and other brands. The main way of keeping the brand loyalty for IKEA is the provision of customer oriented products such as easy to use steam ironing machines which can be used not only to iron but also to clean the curtains and wall clothes. Such items can certainly penetrate the market and they will be the attractiveness with the level of customer busyness and complexity in their minds (Lester, 2009). On the other hand the emerging markets provide IKEA a better market positioning. Being a multinational, the levels of influence of the local players are high. Especially with Wal-Mart’s absence In the BRIC countries, IKEA has been able to perform better. That is due to the level of efficiency and the effectiveness of their brand. Therefore IKEA has been able to address to the opportunities in the BRIC markets in an effective manner (Proctor, 2000). 3. 2) Response to a change As per Pride and Ferrell (2011), as the market has changed specially with the recession and spatial concepts such as globalization there has been a vast amount of changes to IKEA. The most recent change made due to the global recession from which customers had to cut down their spending drastically and also they wanted to pay lower prices. But the worst thing was that wall mart was able to penetrate the market much effectively and efficiently with their low cost meals and low cost products. Therefor IKEA was compelled to use low pricing strategies. In return IKEA made the products to be even more creative and the Chinese production plants made the products at a low cost. Therefore the ability of the IKEA to cut down the costs and to be efficient in the marketing was a possibility. The other change was the newer manufacturing systems. Concepts such as flexible manufacturing and Just in Timer (JIT) systems are possible options if IKEA to use in their stock management. Also the concepts such as online stores such as amazon. com and ebay. com have made a severe impact over the IKEA products and those are easy for the customers to reach. Therefor IKEA can adopt and the option is available whether to move into the particular online concepts or not. Online marketing concepts such as web 2. 0 have also made a rapid change. Over the social media they have been effective like never before. Especially the blog marketing and social network marketing are now considered as a new methodology to carry out the marketing changes (Weitz and Wensley, 2004). . 3) Strategic marketing Objectives When setting objectives for IKEA the main concepts of the objectives must be looked at. Those are the specifiers, measurability, achievability, realistic and time orientation must be within. For IKEA there should be new ideas if they are to penetrate the market. One objective for IKEA should be to expand their online store up to an extent where they can obtain the online revie ws about the products and concepts such as virtual testing should be made available. By those concepts, the ability of company to penetrate the new customers will be more effective (Fifield, 2012). Expanding their operations to countries like South Africa, Sri Lanka, India, Brazil, Argentina will be the key countries for them to look at as there are no innovative household appliance providers currently. Therefor the ability of the IKEA to expand their sales will be immense. On the other hand company must focus on CSR as they are currently lacking in that field. Relevant people must be allocated and also relative administration and stakeholder awareness about the CSR should be done. If the company is focused on the CSR then there will be a good chance of entering to the BRIC economies as there are a large number of helpless communities are available. Therefor company must target their branding and awareness in those parts The World (Schmid, Top of Form2007). Moving into the vehicle accessories selling market will also be another objective for the IKEA to look at. Using renowned brands to merge with IKEA they must maintain the vehicle market mainly to penetrate the car accessories market as their potential buyers are having vehicles at their home. Therefore the ability of the company to maintain their target customer base will become easy. Maintaining their pricing strategy all through the different divisions will make sure that IKEA will be a differentiated brand (MacDonald and Keegan (2002). 4. 1) Changes to the external market If there are sudden changes to the market factors identified under the PEST factor, will make the company to make the relevant changes to the above PEST factors. Sudden changed to the price levels such as Tariffs will make a price to be expensive. In such scenarios the relevant ad campaigns must be promoted in order to make the product to more and more meaningful despite the fact that they are expensive (Barker and Angelopulo, 2006). If there are changes to the taste situations such as people being health conscious, IKEA will have to use the best possible user friendly and healthy stuff. Tools such as non-stick cocking will items will need to be sold. And also sharp equipment must be adequately changed to the developing concept. 4. 2) Internal Analysis With regard to IKEA, in their new strategy development they have been able to penetrate the global market. This has been a possibility due to their SWOT analysis. For IKEA the strengths would be the strong brand, better quality equipment, global operations, and innovativeness. With regard to a change, those keys will never be changed. Minor strengths such as profitability will decline to a given change in order to catch the market but the key concerns will never get changed (Lamb et al, 2011). But on the other hand, the weaknesses must be answered especially in the BRIC economies. Their inherent weaknesses such as maintenance of the product quality depending on the boundaries will be a severe concept to be maintained. Also the needful of key low cost products to make sure everybody is within their premises is a current weakness that IKEA must pay attention to (Stickland, 2000). 4. 3) Marketing Responses Key elements to the changing contexts will be the use of the Target Marketing. , Marketing Mix change, and Growth Strategies. With respect to the key changes such as price could be tackled under the price mix element and according to the changes the corrective actions can be taken. Also the key challenges such as competitor actions must be adjusted through the elements such as segmentation, targeting and positioning. If the marketing strategy is to diversify according to the taste of the citizens, then the appropriate segmentation can be done. Due to the PEST factor changes the major least resistive would be the marketing mix. Therefore according to the marketing mixes, the needful can be made (Hanssens, et al (2001). Conclusion When considering the planning processes and the relevant tools for strategic Marketing, were discussed in deeply. The relative models such as SWOT Analysis, PEST Analysis and their impact over the Indonesian Market were highly assessed. The possible growth aspect of the strategy setting and the change is evaluated specially to the changes in the market forces. References Barker, R. and Angelopulo G. L. , (2006), Integrated Organisational Communication, Juta and Company Ltd Bachmeier, K. , (2009), Analysis of Marketing Strategies Used by PepsiCo Based on Ansoff’s Theory, GRIN VerlagBottom of Form Blythe, J. et alTop of Form , (2000), Strategic Marketing, Select Knowledge Limited. , P. 8 Carpenter, G. S. , (2012), Handbook of Marketing Strategy, Edward Elgar Publishing CravensBottom of Form (2009), Strategic Marketing, 8th edition, p. 71 Donnelly R. and Harrison G. , (2009), CIM Coursebook: The Marketing Planning Process, Routledge, p. 11 Doole I. and Lowe R. (2008), International Marketing Strategy: Analysis, Development and Implementation, p. 22 Frain, J. , (2000), Intro Marketing, 4th Edition, Cengage Learning EMEA, p. 22 Fifield, P. , (2012), Marketing Strategy, Routledge, p. 116 Graham, H. , (2008), Market ing Strategy And Competitive Positioning, 4th Edition Hanssens, D. M. et al (2001), Market Response Models: Econometric and Time Series Analysis Lamb, C. W. et al, (2011), Essentials of Marketing, Cengage Learning Lester, A. (2009), Growth Management: Two Hats are Better than One, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 52 Lowson, R. H. , (2002), Strategic Operations Management: The New Competitive Advantage, Routledge | |McDonald, M. , (2008), Malcolm McDonald on Marketing Planning: Understanding Marketing Plans and Strategy, p. 38 | | |MacDonald, M. H. B. and Keegan W. J (2002), Marketing Plans That Work: Targeting Growth and Profitability, Elsevier | | |  McDonald, M. and Wilson H. (2011), Marketing Plans: How to Prepare Them, How to Use Them, John Wiley Sons | | |O’Guinn T. C. et al (2003), Advertising Integrated Brand Promotion, Cengage Learning | | |Peck H. et al (2012), Relationship Marketing, Routledge | | |Smith, P. R. et al, (2000), Strategic Marketing Communications: New Ways to Build and Integrate Communication, Kogan Page Publishers, | | |p. 96 | | |Stone, P. (2001), Make Marketing Work for You: Boost Your Profits wit h Proven Marketing Techniques, How To Books Ltd | | |Proctor, T. (2000), Strategic Marketing: An Introduction, Routledge, p. 21 | | |Proctor, T. , (2000), Strategic Marketing: An Introduction, Routledge | | |Pride, W. M. and Ferrell O. C. , (2011), Marketing 2012, Cengage Learning | | |Stevens R. E. (2006), Marketing Planning Guide, Third Edition, Routledge | | |Schmid,Top of Form | | |(2007), E-Marketing Strategy for Reg Vardy, GRIN Verlag | | |Stickland, F. , (2000),  The Dynamics of Change: Insights Into Organisational Transition the Natural World, p. 60 | | |Weitz B. A. and Wensley R. (2004), Handbook of Marketing, SAGE p. 134 | | |Weingand, D. 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The Role Of Bobby Kennedy Throughout The Cuban Missile Crisis Essays

The Role Of Bobby Kennedy Throughout The Cuban Missile Crisis Introduction On the morning of Tuesday October 16, 1962, President John F. Kennedy was reading the Tuesday morning newspapers in his bed at the Whitehouse. Not twenty fours hours before, McGeorge Bundy, Kennedy's national security adviser, received the results of Major Richard S. Heyser's U-2 mission over San Cristobal Cuba. In light of recent mysterious Soviet and Cuban activities developing in the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean, the president's administration had given the order to conduct reconnaissance missions over the island of Cuba. In particular a fifty-mile trapezoidal swath of territory in western Cuba was to be looked upon under intense scrutiny. A CIA agent reported in the second week of September that this stretch of land was being guarded closely by Peruvian, Colombian, and actual Soviet soldiers. There was a real reason to be suspicious of the activity in western Cuba. The first of this U-2 reconnaissance mission would reveal a shocking discovery.(Chang & William p.33-47) The U-2 reconnaissance reports that Bundy received in full detail two 70-foot-long MRBMs at San Cristobal. The news that Bundy would eventually have to expose to President Kennedy would sound alarms not just in his administration or in the United States of America, but throughout the entire world. Bundy did not tell the president that night. He opted to allow him a good night's rest, the last he would have for some time, as it turned out. Bundy felt there was nothing the president could do about the missiles that night anyway, and he would need to be sharp the next morning.(Brugioni p.68) Besides Bundy and the leadership of the U.S. intelligence community, Dean Rusk and his team at State, as well as McNamara and the deputy secretary of defense, Roswell Gilpatric, received word of the U-2's discovery before going to bed on October 15. Kennedy's discovery of the missiles could wait till the next morning.(May & Zelikow p.24) Thus on the morning of October 16, while Kennedy was lying in bed, Bundy informed that the U-2 mission that flew over Cuba had spotted two nuclear missiles and six missile transports southwest of Havana. Before the summer of that same year had ended, Khrushchev had made the twin promise that ?nothing will be undertaken before the American Congressional elections that could complicate the international situation or aggravate the tension in the relations between our two countries,? and ensured the president through his own brother Robert F. Kennedy, the attorney general of the United States and the president's closet advisor by means of a back channel, that only defensive weapons were to be placed in Cuba.(Brugioni p56) This last and final statement left the young attorney general and the entire administration to believe that no offensive nuclear missiles, and certainly no weapons that were capable of hitting any target in the continental United States were being placed in Cuba at this time.(Chang & William p67) The news brought to the Kennedy administration in the form of the U-2's telltale photographs made nonsense of both of Khrushchev's pledges. But most importantly the Soviet Union had equipped Cuba with an arsenal of Soviet nuclear missiles despite a presidential statement only a month early that the United States would not tolerate such a situation in the Western Hemisphere. Kennedy felt personally insulted by the deployment of these missiles.(Fursenko & Naftali p.193) He thought that he had done everything possible to defuse and smooth over tense relations with the Soviet Union even before he took office in 1960. This devastating news from Cuba would result in the tense period in Cold War history to date and perhaps its tensest period in the entire history of the war. Kennedy decided limit the information regarding the devastating news from Cuba to as small a group as possible. This group would come to be known as the Executive Committee of the National Security Council, or as it would later be known and shortened to simply Ex Comm.(Brugioni p.45) This would be the group of Washington's sharpest and most influential minds that would more or less decide the fate of the nation and the world. A heavy responsibility would be carried on their shoulders. If they failed they